The Scratch programming language, developed by the
Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab, enables users to create a
wide-range of media-rich projects including: games, interactive art, animated
stories, tutorials, and music. Scratch contains a paint editor, a recorder, as
well as the ability to interact with the physical world through sensors
connected to a USB. Written in Squeak, Scratch is an open-source program which
can be downloaded and redistributed freely. Scratch will run on Windows, Linux,
and Mac OS X operating systems. Programming is done with building “blocks”
which snap together only if the computer code is “syntactically” correct.
Although students may need to reassess the logic of their code, this low
barrier-to-entry often has students implementing programs in less than a day.
Standing on the
Shoulders of Giants
The name Scratch comes from the community of disc jockeys
who would “scratch” records together to create new sounds. Scratch is built
upon a similar philosophy; users may download resources from the on-line
Scratch community and create their own remixes. Resources include animated
characters (also known as sprites) and backgrounds, as well as source codes for
any project. The openness and sharing, as well as the ability to modify and
build upon the work of others, provides project builders the opportunity to
create projects greater than what they might be able to accomplish without such
support. The Scratch community encourages giving proper credit for such
resources. Scratchers have the opportunity to save their creations off-line or
to upload their work to the scratch.mit.edu website. All projects on the
Scratch website are shared under the Creative Commons license.
Educational Considerations
Education need
not take a “one-size-fits-all” approach where everyone in the class is
responsible for learning the same information or doing the same thing at the
same time. While we might argue that today’s students know much about
technology, we should recognize that the very nature of technology is changing.
Being technologically literate is more than gathering information from the
Internet, creating a PowerPoint presentation, or sending 10,000 texts per
month. Scratch, is a unique Web 2.0 tool in that it not only permits users to
be producers of digital media, it encourages creativity, problem-solving, and
collaboration, all essential skills for the 21st Century.
The
Global Community
While there are
other software programs which encourage creativity and problem-solving, the
global and social nature of the Scratch makes it unique. The global community
permits users to complete tasks which they could otherwise not complete. As
early as the 1930s, Vygotsky, a social theorist, recognized the importance of
social interaction in development and cognition. “All the higher cognitive
functions originate as actual relations between human beings” (Vygotsky, 1978,
p. 57). Vygotsky believes that one develops higher levels of cognition
interacting with others, as opposed to acting alone. The Scratch community is a
sharing community which also permits advanced students to take on greater
challenges.
References:
Vygotsky,
L. S. (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
The
following Scratch project generates random job interview questions: